"Confrontation visual field testing"

in the fellow eye [BMJ Best Practice, 2024]. * A bilateral confrontational visual field test can help determine whether visual defects are present in both or just one eye, and can help rule out a central neurological process as a potential cause of any visual field loss where the defect is unilateral [Kwok, 2020]. The content on the NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries site (CKS) is the copyright of Clarity

intraocular pressure (IOP) testing instruments/techniques, eye doctors should consider taking more than one reading with the same instrument to reduce measurement error. (Evidence Grade: C/Recommendation)• Evaluation of ocular media• Visual field testingEvidence-Based Action Statement: Eye doctors should not rely on a single, normal confrontation visual field test result as proof that a field loss

refraction of plano -0.50 × 70 degrees in the right eye and plano -050 × 170 degrees in the left eye. Pupils were round and reactive in both eyes. However, there was a 3+ relative afferent pupillary defect with a corresponding constricted confrontational visual field test in the right eye. The left eye was unremarkable. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measured 14 mm Hg in the right eye and 12 mm Hg in the left

) and assess for a direct response to light; carry out the swinging flashlight test to rule out a relative afferent pupillary defect and look for a light-near dissociation.Do a confrontational visual field test - this examines the peripheral vision.Assess macular function with an Amsler grid - this examines the central vision[1].Note whether the external ocular movements are full.Other examinationThis

. Infants are watched for tracking of a light source.A number of other visual acuity tests exist which take other factors into account, such as contrast sensitivity and the crowding phenomenon (where the spacing between the letters affects the acuity) but these are the remit of ophthalmology departments.Visual fieldsThe best way to examine these in the primary care setting is with a confrontational visual field test. This requires a co-operative patient and, as it is a comparison with your own visual field, assumes that your own visual fields are within the normal range. There are various ways to carry out this test but the principle is always the same:Sit opposite the patient, about a metre apart. Ask the patient to cover one eye and cover your contralateral eye (so that, effectively, your covered

of the retina or in the pathway beyond will cause a defect in the bottom left of the visual field. Assessing for visual field defects can be via:Screening tests (easily carried out in a surgery) which include confrontational visual field testing and use of an Amsler grid.Quantitative measurements using manual or automated perimetry (specialist equipment is needed).Types of visual field loss include[1

a confrontational visual field test).You may find the separate article Examination of the Eye helpful.Differential diagnosisA range of conditions can result in exophthalmos. Below is an outline of some of these conditions. Of key importance is to identify the exophthalmos and its related features and to initiate investigations where possible (eg, blood tests)[4] .Urgency of referral relates to severity

disturbances. Clinical records for this patient were retrospectively reviewed at Miami Children's Hospital and associated pediatric ophthalmology clinic. A previously healthy 8-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with a 2-day history of headache and blurred vision that developed after going on a high-velocity amusement park ride. Confrontation visual field testing showed a subtle superior

lights are dimmed * * Examination of the upper lids for ptosis * * Examination of the lower lids for upside-down ptosis (eg, the position of the lower lid with respect to the inferior limbus) * * Observation of extraocular movements * * Biomicroscopic examination of the pupillary margin and iris structure and color * * Confrontational visual field testing and testing of facial sensation

lights are dimmed * * Examination of the upper lids for ptosis * * Examination of the lower lids for upside-down ptosis (eg, the position of the lower lid with respect to the inferior limbus) * * Observation of extraocular movements * * Biomicroscopic examination of the pupillary margin and iris structure and color * * Confrontational visual field testing and testing of facial sensation

lights are dimmed * * Examination of the upper lids for ptosis * * Examination of the lower lids for upside-down ptosis (eg, the position of the lower lid with respect to the inferior limbus) * * Observation of extraocular movements * * Biomicroscopic examination of the pupillary margin and iris structure and color * * Confrontational visual field testing and testing of facial sensation

lights are dimmed * * Examination of the upper lids for ptosis * * Examination of the lower lids for upside-down ptosis (eg, the position of the lower lid with respect to the inferior limbus) * * Observation of extraocular movements * * Biomicroscopic examination of the pupillary margin and iris structure and color * * Confrontational visual field testing and testing of facial sensation

lights are dimmed * * Examination of the upper lids for ptosis * * Examination of the lower lids for upside-down ptosis (eg, the position of the lower lid with respect to the inferior limbus) * * Observation of extraocular movements * * Biomicroscopic examination of the pupillary margin and iris structure and color * * Confrontational visual field testing and testing of facial sensation

lights are dimmed * * Examination of the upper lids for ptosis * * Examination of the lower lids for upside-down ptosis (eg, the position of the lower lid with respect to the inferior limbus) * * Observation of extraocular movements * * Biomicroscopic examination of the pupillary margin and iris structure and color * * Confrontational visual field testing and testing of facial sensation

lights are dimmed * * Examination of the upper lids for ptosis * * Examination of the lower lids for upside-down ptosis (eg, the position of the lower lid with respect to the inferior limbus) * * Observation of extraocular movements * * Biomicroscopic examination of the pupillary margin and iris structure and color * * Confrontational visual field testing and testing of facial sensation

lights are dimmed * * Examination of the upper lids for ptosis * * Examination of the lower lids for upside-down ptosis (eg, the position of the lower lid with respect to the inferior limbus) * * Observation of extraocular movements * * Biomicroscopic examination of the pupillary margin and iris structure and color * * Confrontational visual field testing and testing of facial sensation

(test or control) and the mounting on the frame. The test spectacles will then be sent to the site for delivery.Delivery visit (VISIT 2) performed ~10 days after screening visitTrial spectacles deliverySubjective questionnaire while wearing the trial spectaclesBest corrected far and near VA (with the trial spectacles)Confrontation visual field test with the trial spectaclesGiving instructions about

A new perimeter using the preferential looking response to assess peripheral visual fields in young and developmentally delayed children. To compare the sensitivity, specificity, and interpretability of a newly developed semiautomated static perimeter based on the preferential looking response to the results of confrontation visual field testing in a group of young and/or developmentally delayed

of direct confrontation visual field testing is to hold a number of fingers in each quadrant and ask patients how many they see. For both methods, each eye is tested separately. Abnormalities in target detection should prompt detailed testing with more precise instruments. More detailed methods include use of a tangent screen, Goldmann perimeter, or computerized automated perimetry (in which the visual