Mucin Colocalizes with Influenza Virus and Preserves Infectivity in Deposited Model RespiratoryDroplets. The stability of influenza virus in respiratory particles varies with relative humidity (RH) and protein content. This study investigated the decay, or loss of infectivity, of influenza A virus (IAV) in 1-μL respiratorydroplets deposited on a surface with varying concentrations of mucin . Analysis by digital droplet PCR showed that mucin helped maintain virus integrity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to localize influenza virus in model respiratorydroplets. The results suggest that mucin's colocalization with virions in droplets may protect the virus from environmental stressors, enhancing its stability.
Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 via Close Contact and RespiratoryDroplets Among Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Mice. We simulated 3 transmission modes, including close-contact, respiratorydroplets and aerosol routes, in the laboratory. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be highly transmitted among naive human angiotensin -converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) mice via close contact because 7 of 13 naive hACE2 mice were SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositive 14 days after being introduced into the same cage with 3 infected-hACE2 mice. For respiratorydroplets, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from 3 of 10 naive hACE2 mice showed seropositivity 14 days after introduction into the same cage with 3 infected-hACE2 mice, separated by grids. In addition
A highly pathogenic avian H7N9 influenza virus isolated from a human is lethal in some ferrets infected via respiratorydroplets Low pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses have recently evolved to become highly pathogenic, raising concerns of a pandemic, particularly if these viruses acquire efficient human-to-human transmissibility. We compared a low pathogenic H7N9 virus with a highly pathogenic mild-to-moderate attenuation. All viruses transmitted among ferrets via respiratorydroplets, and the neuraminidase-sensitive variant killed several of the infected and exposed animals. Neuraminidase inhibitors showed limited effectiveness against these viruses in vivo, but the viruses were susceptible to a polymerase inhibitor. These results suggest that the highly pathogenic H7N9 virus has pandemic
Public preferences for vaccination programmes during pandemics caused by pathogens transmitted through respiratorydroplets - a discrete choice experiment in four European countries, 2013. This study aims to quantify and compare preferences of citizens from different European countries for vaccination programme characteristics during pandemics, caused by pathogens which are transmitted through respiratorydroplets. Internet panel members, nationally representative based on age, sex, educational level and region, of four European Union Member States (Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and Sweden, n = 2,068) completed an online discrete choice experiment. These countries, from different geographical areas of Europe, were chosen because of the availability of high-quality Internet panels and because
Contact transmission of influenza virus between ferrets imposes a looser bottleneck than respiratorydroplet transmission allowing propagation of antiviral resistance Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. It is important to elucidate the stringency of bottlenecks during transmission to shed light on mechanisms that underlie the evolution and propagation
Environmental Conditions Affect Exhalation of H3N2 Seasonal and Variant Influenza Viruses and RespiratoryDroplet Transmission in Ferrets The seasonality of influenza virus infections in temperate climates and the role of environmental conditions like temperature and humidity in the transmission of influenza virus through the air are not well understood. Using ferrets housed at four different environmental conditions, we evaluated the respiratorydroplet transmission of two influenza viruses (a seasonal H3N2 virus and an H3N2 variant virus, the etiologic virus of a swine to human summertime infection) and concurrently characterized the aerosol shedding profiles of infected animals. Comparisons were made among the different temperature and humidity conditions and between the two viruses
Adaptation of H9N2 AIV in guinea pigs enables efficient transmission by direct contact and inefficient transmission by respiratorydroplets H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulate worldwide in poultry and have sporadically infected humans, raising concern whether H9N2 viruses have pandemic potential. Here, we use a guinea pig model to examine whether serial passage results in adaptive viral
The Novel Avian-Origin Human A (H7N9) Influenza Virus Could be Transmitted between Ferrets via RespiratoryDroplets. The outbreak of human infections caused by novel avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) in China since March 2013 underscores the need to better understand the pathogenicity and transmissibility of these viruses in mammals. In a ferret model, the pathogenicity of influenza A(H7N9 of transmission between ferrets via respiratorydroplets. There were 4 mutations in the virus isolated from the contact ferret: D678Y in the gene encoding PB2, R157K in the gene encoding hemagglutinin (H3 numbering), I109T in the gene encoding nucleoprotein, and T10I in the gene encoding neuraminidase. These data emphasized that avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) can be transmitted between mammals, highlighting its
. The transmission of A(H5N1) to different animal populations is predominantly from wild birds, but there is evidence of other mechanisms of transmission (e.g., movement of cattle), which increases the likelihood of additional outbreaks in mammals and sporadic cases among humans. The virus remains predominantly bound to avian-type receptors, which limits transmissibility to humans via respiratorydroplets
, perhaps to include 3 doses.DefinitionMumps is an acute systemic infectious disease caused by an RNA paramyxovirus.[1] It is spread by respiratorydroplets, and, before the advent of the mumps vaccine, it commonly affected school-aged children.[2] Classically, mumps causes swelling of the parotid glands; the involvement of other salivary glands, meninges, gonads, and pancreas is also common.History
at preventing severe disease, including hospitalization and death due to COVID-19.EpidemiologyDisease descriptionInfectious agentCOVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2, which was first recognized in Wuhan, China in December 2019.TransmissionCurrent evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is spread through respiratorydroplets and aerosols created when an infected person breathes, coughs, sneezes, sings, shouts
is mostly airborne by droplet spread or direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of infected persons; much less commonly, measles may be transmitted by articles freshly soiled with nose and throat secretions, or through airborne transmission with no known face-to-face contact. Direct contact and through respiratorydroplets (and possibly short-range aerosols requiring prolonged close contact is higher among close contact persons, such as members of a household or individuals who have close contact with each other over a long period of time, or students in the same classroom.Face-to-face, skin-to-skin, mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-skin contact and through respiratorydroplets Once a contact person is identified, risk implications and risk stratification can be considered using the domains
), membrane (M), envelope (E) and a helical nucleocapsid (N) (Dhama et al, 2020) The S glycoprotein is considered the main antigenic target, including the receptor binding domain (RBD) which binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells (Kaur et al, 2020, Amanat et al, 2020).SARS-CoV-2 is primarily spread through respiratorydroplets and aerosols and from direct person-to-person contact
of vaccine status, the primary concern for a mother testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection is that the virus will pass to her infant via respiratorydroplets transmitted while breastfeeding. Mothers who breastfeed should wear a mask and practice hand hygiene before placing their infant to breast. When a mother coughs or sneezes with chest exposed, she should cleanse the breast area with soap and water
? Unlikely The virus enters the body mainly through broken skin or the mucous membranes. Human-to-human transmission of mpox occurs also through respiratorydroplets in prolonged face-to-face contact.5 TECOVIRIMAT 6 Framework items Answer Comment 1.2.2 Is there a long contagious period, including an asymptomatic phase? Likely Generally, it was assumed that a person is not contagious during the incubation
. However, when spread does occur between people, the mode is through close contact with an infected person such as through direct contact with their body fluids, respiratorydroplets, and/or monkeypox sores, or by sharing clothing, bedding or common items that have been contaminated with the infected person's body fluids or sores. Sexual transmission has not been previously identified as a mode
meat). The current global outbreak, however, is facilitated by human-to-human transmission.Human-to-human transmission occurs via: * Direct contact with cutaneous or mucosal lesions; * Fomites, i.e. contaminated material such as linens or clothing; * Respiratorydroplets from prolonged face-to-face contact.Monkeypox has been detected in many body sites, including semen. However, the significance