"Nicotine withdrawal"

Cannabidiol Reduces Nicotine Withdrawal Severity and State Anxiety During an Acute E-cigarette Abstinence Period: A Novel, Open-Label Study. Despite efforts to curb nicotine use, 8.1 million adults in the United States use e-cigarettes. Notably, the majority of nicotine-containing e-cigarette users report wanting to quit in the near future, yet there is a dearth of research surrounding intervention efforts. Cannabidiol (CBD) has potential to facilitate e-cigarette quit attempts by decreasing withdrawal symptom intensity and anxiety during nicotine e-cigarette abstinence. This study employed an open-label, crossover design (=20) to test the hypothesis that among daily nicotine-containing e-cigarette users, oral administration of 320 mg CBD would reduce self-reported nicotine withdrawal

Characterizing nicotine withdrawal in smokers experiencing homelessness. The rate of cigarette smoking among persons experiencing homelessness is five times the national prevalence, and these smokers experience difficulty quitting. Nicotine withdrawal may be a barrier to initiating and sustaining successful smoking cessation, but its time course is poorly characterized in this population. We hypothesize that withdrawal symptoms will be elevated and related to treatment outcomes. This secondary data analysis characterized nicotine withdrawal symptoms, as measured by the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Severity Index, during a quit attempt in treatment-seeking smokers experiencing homelessness who enrolled in a randomized smoking cessation trial. Participants (N = 70) reported MNWS symptoms three

Effect of progesterone administration in male and female smokers on nicotine withdrawal and neural response to smoking cues: role of progesterone conversion to allopregnanolone. Progesterone administration has therapeutic effects in tobacco use disorder (TUD), with females benefiting more than males. Conversion of progesterone to the neurosteroid allopregnanolone is hypothesized to partly underlie the therapeutic effects of progesterone; however, this has not been investigated clinically. Smokers (n = 18 males, n = 21 females) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 200 mg progesterone daily across 4 days of abstinence. The ratio of allopregnanolone:progesterone was analyzed in relationship to nicotine withdrawal, smoking urges, mood states

Progesterone Increases Nicotine Withdrawal and Anxiety in Male but Not Female Smokers During Brief Abstinence. Although exogenous progesterone may hold promise as a treatment for nicotine use disorders, it is unclear whether it is similarly effective in males and females. This study examined the effects of progesterone on nicotine use disorder comprehensively using behavioral, psychological . Nicotine withdrawal, smoking urges, mood states, and neural response to smoking cues were measured at baseline, after the first drug administration, and after the final drug administration. No main effect of drug (progesterone vs. placebo) emerged for any outcome. Significant sex by drug interactions emerged for nicotine withdrawal (p = .020), perceived strength of nicotine (p = .040), and perceived bad

Mechanism of Electroacupuncture Analgesia on Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model. This study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect and mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) in nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia rats. Behavioral testing was conducted twice a week for 7 weeks during nicotine administration using von Frey filaments. Electroacupuncture at the bilateral "Zusanli" and "Taichong" points was applied daily for 3 days during nicotine withdrawal. Western blot analysis and immunohistology were used to determine expression levels of pain-related factors in the spinal cord and midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). Behavioral tests showed that electroacupuncture had a significant analgesic effect on nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesic rats. Western blot

Dynamic activity of interpeduncular nucleus GABAergic neurons controls expression of nicotine withdrawal in male mice. A critical brain area implicated in nicotine dependence is the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) located in the ventral midbrain and consisting primarily of GABAergic neurons. Previous studies indicate that IPN GABAergic neurons contribute to expression of somatic symptoms of nicotine withdrawal; however, whether IPN neurons are dynamically regulated during withdrawal in vivo and how this may contribute to both somatic and affective withdrawal behavior is unknown. To bridge this gap in knowledge, we expressed GCaMP in IPN GABAergic neurons and used in vivo fiber photometry to record changes in fluorescence, as a proxy for neuronal activity, in male mice during nicotine

Blunted opioid regulation of the HPA stress response during nicotine withdrawal: therapeutic implications. Endogenous opioids regulate pain, drug reward, and stress responses. We have previously shown reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to psychological stress and to opioid blockade among dependent smokers. In this study, we examined the extent to which biologically confirmed nicotine withdrawal alters endogenous opioid regulation of HPA axis functioning during rest and in response to acute stress. Smokers were randomly assigned to one of two conditions; 24 h withdrawal from all nicotine-containing products ( = 62) or smoking ad libitum ( = 44). A nonsmoking comparison group ( = 43) was also included. Participants (85 males and 64 females) completed two acute stress sessions

Cognitive rigidity and BDNF-mediated frontostriatal glutamate neuroadaptations during spontaneous nicotine withdrawal. Cognitive flexibility is the ability to switch strategic responses adaptively in changing environments. Cognitive rigidity imposed by neural circuit adaptations during nicotine abstinence may foster maladaptive nicotine taking in addicts. We systematically examined the effects of spontaneous withdrawal in mice exposed to either nicotine (6.3 or 18 mg/kg/day) or saline for 14 days on cognitive flexibility using an operant strategy set-shifting task. Because frontostriatal circuits are critical for cognitive flexibility and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates glutamate plasticity in these circuits, we also explored the effects of nicotine withdrawal

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Applied to the Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortices in Smokers Modifies Cognitive Circuits Implicated in the Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome. The nicotine withdrawal syndrome remains a major impediment to smoking cessation. Cognitive and affective disturbances are associated with altered connectivity within and between the executive control sated (vs. withdrawn) and displayed greater cingulate activity during error monitoring than nonsmokers. Nicotine withdrawal reduced task engagement and attention and reduced suppression of DMN nodes. Cognitive circuit dysregulation associated with nicotine withdrawal may be modifiable by anodal tDCS applied to L-dlPFC and cathodal tDCS applied to R-vmPFC. tDCS may have stronger effects as a complement

The Effect of Breathing Exercise on Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms, Cigarette Cravings, and Affect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single bout of controlled deep breathing and a "three-part breathing" exercise on nicotine withdrawal symptoms, cigarette cravings, and affect. A secondary aim was to determine whether autonomic nervous system activity mediates these effects . Twenty-four participants attended one practical session followed by three intervention sessions on 3 separate days: control condition, controlled deep breathing, and three-part breathing. Participants were asked to abstain from smoking for 15 hours before intervention. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms, cigarette cravings, affect, and heart rate variability were assessed preintervention and again on four

Prospective Evaluation of Factors Predicting Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms Among Korean Americans. This study examined factors predicting nicotine withdrawal symptoms following quitting among Korean American smokers who were receiving counseling and nicotine replacement therapy. The sample comprised 90 Korean American smokers selected from a two-arm randomised controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention (culturally adapted versus treatment as usual). Nicotine withdrawal symptoms were assessed weekly for the first four weeks from the target quit day, using the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS). Only those who participated in two or more weekly assessments of the symptoms were included. Among the nine withdrawal symptoms listed in the MNWS, craving and disturbed sleep

The Effect of Brief Mindfulness Training on Brain Reactivity to Food Cues During Nicotine Withdrawal: A Pilot Functional Imaging Study. Many individuals who smoke relapse due to weight gain. Mindfulness training has been shown to help smokers quit smoking, and, in other populations, has been used to help people lose weight. This study was designed to assess the effect of one week of mindfulness

Anti-inflammatory agents for smoking cessation? Focus on cognitive deficits associated with nicotine withdrawal in male mice. Nicotine withdrawal is associated with cognitive deficits including attention, working memory, and episodic memory impairments. These cognitive deficits are a hallmark of nicotine abstinence which could be targeted in order to prevent smoking relapse. The underlying mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. In this study, memory impairment was observed in mice 4 days after the precipitation of nicotine withdrawal by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine. The presence of cognitive deficits correlated with microglial activation in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, an increased expression of neuroinflammatory markers including IL1β, TNFα and IFNγ

Activation of AMPK by metformin improves withdrawal signs precipitated by nicotine withdrawal Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States, with more persons dying from nicotine addiction than any other preventable cause of death. Even though smoking cessation incurs multiple health benefits, the abstinence rate remains low with current medications . Here we show that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in the hippocampus is activated following chronic nicotine use, an effect that is rapidly reversed by nicotine withdrawal. Increasing pAMPK levels and, consequently, downstream AMPK signaling pharmacologically attenuate anxiety-like behavior following nicotine withdrawal. We show that metformin, a known AMPK activator in the periphery

Impact of early life adversity on the stress biobehavioral response during nicotine withdrawal. Exposure to early life adversity (ELA) is associated with increased subsequent risk for addiction and relapse. We examined changes in psychobiological responses to stress in dependent smokers and nonsmoking controls and evaluated how history of early adversity may exacerbate acute changes during nicotine withdrawal and acute stress. Smokers were randomly assigned to one of two conditions; 24 h withdrawal (66 smokers) from smoking and all nicotine-containing products or smoking ad libitum (46 smokers) prior to an acute laboratory stress induction session; and 44 nonsmokers provided normal referencing. The laboratory session included a baseline rest, stress and recovery periods. Plasma and saliva

Compromised neuroplasticity in cigarette smokers under nicotine withdrawal is restituted by the nicotinic α4β2-receptor partial agonist varenicline Nicotine modulates neuroplasticity and improves cognitive functions in animals and humans. In the brain of smoking individuals, calcium-dependent plasticity induced by non-invasive brain stimulation methods such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and paired associative stimulation (PAS) is impaired by nicotine withdrawal, but partially re-established after nicotine re-administration. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism further, we tested the impact of the αβ-nicotinic receptor partial agonist varenicline on focal and non-focal plasticity in smokers during nicotine withdrawal, induced by PAS and tDCS, respectively. We

Monocular diplopia‐associated migraine‐like headache induced by nicotine withdrawal We describe an extremely rare case of migraine-associated monocular diplopia developed in a 23-year-old man after sudden cessation of smoking. The physical examination and brain MRI scan were unremarkable. The symptoms resolved after starting nicotine patch. We reviewed the literature and discussed

Nicotine withdrawal alters neural responses to psychosocial stress. Psychosocial stress is considered to be an important mechanism underlying smoking behavior and relapse. Thus, understanding the effects of acute nicotine withdrawal on responses to stress is important to intervene to prevent stress-induced relapse. The current study investigated the neural correlates of psychosocial stress during acute nicotine withdrawal in chronic smokers. Thirty-nine treatment-seeking smokers were randomized to one of two conditions (abstinent 24 h (n = 21) or smoking as usual (n = 18)). They were then exposed to the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST), a psychosocial stress task consisting of difficult mental arithmetic problems while receiving negative performance feedback while undergoing

Nicotine withdrawal-induced inattention is absent in alpha7 nAChR knockout mice Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the USA, but quit attempts result in withdrawal-induced cognitive dysfunction and predicts relapse. Greater understanding of the neural mechanism(s) underlying these cognitive deficits is required to develop targeted treatments to aid quit attempts. We examined nicotine withdrawal-induced inattention in mice lacking the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) using the five-choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT). Mice were trained in the 5C-CPT prior to osmotic minipump implantation containing saline or nicotine. Experiment 1 used 40 mg kg day nicotine treatment and tested C57BL/6 mice 4, 28, and 52 h after pump removal. Experiment 2 used 14 and 40 mg

Effects of Nicotine Metabolites on Nicotine Withdrawal Behaviors in Mice Rodent studies suggest that nicotine metabolites and minor tobacco alkaloids such as nornicotine and cotinine may promote cigarette smoking by enhancing nicotine rewarding and reinforcing effects. However, there is little information on the effects of these minor tobacco alkaloids on nicotine withdrawal. The present studies were conducted to determine whether the minor tobacco alkaloids nornicotine and cotinine exhibit nicotine-like behavioral effects in a mouse model of spontaneous nicotine withdrawal. Mice were infused with nicotine or saline for 14 days. Experiments were conducted on day 15, 18-24 hours after minipump removal. Ten minutes prior to testing, nicotine-dependent ICR male mice received an acute injection