Efficacy of 3D-printed eye model to enhance retinoscopy skills. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of simulation-based education using a three-dimensional (3D)-printed schematic eye model in improving the retinoscopy refraction skills of medical students. A schematic eye model was printed using a fused deposition modeling-based 3D printer. Twenty medical students randomized in confidence (p = 0.005). Tests for the non-inferiority of refractive errors after training indicated that the 3D group was non-inferior to the control group. In conclusion, training in retinoscopy refraction skills using a 3D-printed eye model resulted in significant improvement in accuracy and speed compared to practice with real patients. Except for better confidence in the control group, schematic eye
Comparison of the new self-contained darkroom refractive screener versus table-top autorefractor and cycloplegia retinoscopy in detecting refractive error. By comparing the results of the new self-contained darkroom refractive screener (YD-SX-A) versus table-top autorefractor and cycloplegic retinoscopy, to evaluate the performance of the YD-SX-A in detecting refractive error in children -A in a noncycloplegic setting. After cycloplegia, they were retinoscopy by a professional optometrist. The results measured by three methods were collected respectively. To avoid deviation, only the right eye (1000 eyes) data were used in the statistical analysis. The Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement of diopters measured by the three methods. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves
Rise of the Machines? Comparison of Cycloplegic Refraction Using Retinoscopy and the Retinomax K-Plus 5 in Children. To compare the ability to detect refractive anomalies in children using automated refraction versus retinoscopic cycloplegic refraction. A pediatric population from a pediatric eye institute underwent complete ophthalmic examinations. Children were randomly assigned to one of two pediatric optometrists who performed manual cycloplegic refraction using retinoscopy and automated cycloplegic refraction using a handheld autorefractometer (Retinomax K-plus 5; Right Mfg. Co., Ltd.). Recorded patient data included refraction values for each eye (sphere, astigmatism, and axis), use of glasses, and degree of cooperation. Two hundred thirteen children were included. The mean age was 6.2
A novel device for digital retinoscopy. We introduce a portable retinoscopy device designed to allow simultaneous views of the retinoscope's reflex. With built-in Wi-Fi, it allows for viewing from any phone, tablet, or computer. The device easily attaches to a Welch Allyn retinoscope and could facilitate the teaching of retinoscopy for students, ophthalmic technicians, residents, and physicians.
Overestimation of hyperopia with autorefraction compared with retinoscopy under cycloplegia in school-age children. To compare sphere and cylinder refraction values using retinoscopy and autorefraction under cycloplegic conditions in children. This cross-sectional study was carried out using multistage cluster sampling. The target population was children aged 6-12 years in Shahroud, a northern with retinoscopy (P<0.001). Refraction overestimation was significant in all age groups (P<0.0001). Comparison of differences in different spherical ametropia subgroups also showed a significant intermethod difference in all refractive states (P<0. 01). Overall, autorefraction tended to over plus hyperopics and under minus myopic cases compared with retinoscopy. The 95% limits of agreement for spherical values
Usefulness of refractive measurement of wavefront autorefraction in patients with difficult retinoscopy. To assess the ability of the WaveScan WaveFront System (VISX Inc, Santa Clara, CA) to measure refractive errors in patients with difficult retinoscopy and to compare results to standard cycloplegic retinoscopy. The medical records of patients with an ocular condition that could contribute to difficult or unreliable retinoscopy who underwent nondilated, noncycloplegic evaluation with the WaveScan WaveFront System were reviewed retrospectively. Results were compared to a standard cycloplegic retinoscopy. A total of 60 eyes of 31 patients were included. Wavefront sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent measurements were strongly correlated with retinoscopy results; however, the wavefront
Autorefraction, Retinoscopy, Javal's Rule, and Grosvenor's Modified Javal's Rule: The Best Predictor of Refractive Astigmatism The aim of the study was to determine the level of agreement between Javal's rule, autorefraction, retinoscopy, and refractive astigmatism and to determine which technique is the most suitable substitute when subjective refraction is not applicable using a clinical sample . A total of 36 subjects, 14 males and 22 females, were involved in this study. The intraclass correlation coefficients between subjective refraction, autorefraction, and retinoscopy were 0.895 and 0.989, respectively, for the spherical equivalent. The Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement between subjective refraction and autorefraction; subjective refraction and retinoscopy; and autorefraction
Comparison of the Refractive Measurements with Hand-held Autorefractometer, Table-mounted Autorefractometer and Cycloplegic Retinoscopy in Children To evaluate the performance of the hand-held and table-top autorefractokeratometer in measuring refractive errors by comparing them with cycloplegic retinoscopy. Included in the study were 112 eyes of 112 pediatric patients whose mean age was 6.78 ± 2.61 years (range, 2 to 12 years). The refractive errors of all the eyes were measured with and without cycloplegia using a hand held autorefractokeratometer (Retinomax K-plus 3), table top autorefractokeratometer (Canon RK-F1) and performing cycloplegic retinoscopy. The spherical equivalent, cylindrical axis and keratometer values were statistically compared. The mean spherical equivalent obtained
Software Refraction With Mobilerone Versus Retinoscopy Software refraction in the mobilerone for myopia and astigmatism is a novel medical device for myopia adults and elder children with or without astigmatism. And the investigators would like to test its accuracy and efficacy as well as safety. It's a software installed in a mobilerone with subjective guide on screen for testing myopic refractive error with or without astigmatism for adults or elder children. The investigators would like to compare its refraction results with retinoscopy.
Accuracy of Noncycloplegic Retinoscopy, Retinomax Autorefractor and SureSight Vision Screener for Detecting Significant Refractive Errors. To evaluate, by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the ability of noncycloplegic retinoscopy (NCR), Retinomax Autorefractor (Retinomax), and SureSight Vision Screener (SureSight) to detect significant refractive errors (RE) among preschoolers . Refraction results of eye care professionals using NCR, Retinomax, and SureSight (n = 2588) and of nurse and lay screeners using Retinomax and SureSight (n = 1452) were compared with masked cycloplegic retinoscopy results. Significant RE was defined as hyperopia greater than +3.25 diopters (D), myopia greater than 2.00 D, astigmatism greater than 1.50 D, and anisometropia greater than 1.00 D interocular
of progressive myopia Initial myopia management involves taking a general and family history, including parental refraction, familial genetic diseases, and other systemic medical concerns. The patient should undergo a full ophthalmic examination, including visual acuity, ocular motility exam, retinoscopy, and dilated fundus examination. Measurement of ocular biometry should be included at baseline. Full
lenses, or diffusers for 2 or 48 h, after which eyes were allowed unobstructed vision for up to 96 h. Over this recovery period, refractive errors and choroidal thickness (ChT) were tracked using retinoscopy and high-frequency A-scan ultrasonography. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of BMP2, 4, and 7 genes in RPE samples collected 0, 15 min, 2, 24, 48, and 96 h after the termination
. Healthy children aged 12-18 months were recruited at Children's Healthcare Centres (CHCs) and received an entry orthoptic examination followed by cycloplegic retinoscopy. Children with amblyopia, strabismus, ophthalmic disease or very high refractive error were excluded. Those exceeding the AAPOS 2003 Criteria (> + 3.5D spherical equivalent (SE), > 1.5D astigmatism, > 1.5D anisometropia) were randomized , and assessed the protective effect of glasses in a controlled, population-based, longitudinal study. What is new At baseline, 601 children received a full orthoptic examination followed by retinoscopy in cycloplegia at the age of 14.5 ± 1.7 months; 10.3% had high refractive error exceeding spherical equivalent > + 3.5D, > 1.5D astigmatism, > 1D oblique astigmatism or > 1.5D anisometropia. The prevalence
) changes in myopic patients. A female child was diagnosed with anisometropia at the age of two. Cycloplegic retinoscopy examination revealed refraction of + 2.5 diopters the right eye and -8.5/-1.5 × 120 diopters the left eye, and full correction spectacles and patching therapy were prescribed for the child. Anisometropic amblyopia was then diagnosed because the best corrected vision acuity in highly
* anterior segment examination using a slit lamp * dilated fundoscopy * cycloplegic retinoscopy * binocular red reflex test (Brückner test)More 1st investigations to orderEmerging tests * visual evoked potentialsLog in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best PracticeTreatment algorithmONGOINGwithout form-deprivation amblyopiaform-deprivation amblyopiarefractory amblyopia (non-compliant patient)Log
male guinea pigs. They were treated with 3 different methods of brimonidine administration (eye drops, and subconjunctival or intravitreal injections). Four different concentrations of brimonidine were tested for each method (2µg/µL, 4µg/µL, 20µg/µL, and 40µg/µL). All treatments continued for a period of 21 days. Tonometry, retinoscopy, and A-scan ultrasonography were used to monitor intraocular
. There was no anisometropic refractive error by retinoscopy. Close observation with amblyopia management was recommended as the pupil was only partially occluded by the cyst, and there was a clear red reflex around the cyst. Repeat EUA 6 months following diagnosis showed spontaneous collapse of the cyst. There was no recurrence noted at her most recent follow-up, 2 years after presentation, and most of the pupillary axis
, and nonoverminus for 3 months) or nonoverminus spectacles. Children were recruited from 56 sites from July 2010 to February 2022. Data were analyzed from February 2022 to January 2024. After trial completion at 18 months, participants were followed up at 24 and 36 months. Treatment was at investigator discretion from 18 to 36 months. Change in SER (cycloplegic retinoscopy) from baseline to 36 months. Of 386
to assess the prevalence of refractive errors, amblyopia, strabismus, and low vision among hearing-impaired and deaf students in Kermanshah. A total of 79 deaf and hearing impaired students within the age range of 7-20 years (mean age of 15.01 ± 2.72) underwent optometric examinations, including autorefractometry, retinoscopy, ophthalmoscopy, slit lamp, visual acuity measurement, and cover-uncover test